The main sources of tension related to public goods/public bads within the case study region – as stated by stakeholders during stakeholder workshops or personal interviews (March 2016 and December 2017) – concern tensions between different landscape functions. These functions relate to the agricultural character of the area, the natural environment and an increasing demand for outdoor recreation. The higher demand for outdoor recreation – here mainly short-term recreation such as daily hikes, biking, picnicking – potentially leads to various effects, including environmental pressure (e.g. tranquility, biodiversity), residents’ fear of losing rural identity, increased traffic on the road network etc.

Simultaneously, agricultural land use (dairy farming, fruit cultivation and arable farming) – especially agricultural intensification without sufficient agrobiodiversity measures – is likely to negatively influence the natural environment in terms of the supply of biodiversity in the case study region. The aforementioned tensions call for well-designed management strategies for the preservation and maintenance of the multi-functionality of the area.